【作者】 陈伟；

【导师】 张连银； 张晓东；

【作者基本信息】 西北师范大学 ， 文物与博物馆硕士（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 宅门经历了漫长的衍变过程。中国最早的门大约出现在新石器时代晚期的半地穴房屋中。在考古发掘所见的古城、建筑遗址以及墓葬的壁画、雕刻中可以推测复原远古时代的宅门。唐宋时期是中国古代建筑的一个高峰,特别是宋代商品经济的发展极大地丰富了门的种类,宅门的形制已经基本固定。进入明清时期,中国古代建筑技术发展至顶峰,人们把注意力更多的集中到对宅门的装饰上。宅门作为身份地位的象征被赋予等级上的意义至迟在秦汉已经出现。随着中央集权的不断加强,到了明清时期更是对此做出了明文规定。这一时期晋中地区商业发达,金融业蒸蒸日上,积累到财富的晋商们兴建了一大批富丽堂皇的宅院,又因为平遥、太谷、祁县等古城区保存相对完整,使得晋中地区保留了大量的明清古民居,这些民居规模大小不一,涵盖了社会上的各个阶层。通过运用田野调查法对平遥、榆次、太谷、祁县、介休、张壁古堡村五座明清古县城、一座明清古村落和马家大院、常家庄园、曹家大院、孔祥熙故居、渠家大院、王家大院六座晋商大院进行实地调查,对晋中明清民居宅门的形制特征、尺寸大小、附属物有了一个全面的认识。在此基础上,通过调查所得材料,根据宅门所处位置将门分为宅院大门、内院门、厢房门、正房门;根据宅门的形制、结构将其分为砖雕门楼、木构门楼、拱券门楼;根据门的用途将其分为堡门、宅门、店面门、车马门等。分别研究了晋商大院和古城民居不同阶层的宅门,晋商大院宅门种类较多,入口处都修筑了高大的堡门,内部的四合院也都是屋宇式宅门,其体量大、装饰着豪华的雕刻和彩绘,门前附属物众多;而数量庞大的古城民居则以低矮的墙垣门或小体量的屋宇式大门居多,门面比较狭窄、装饰极少、罕有附属物。宅门的形制和装饰受到社会背景的深刻影响,除了人们的财富和地位之外,人们在修建宅门时也加入了对礼制、道德的尊崇、对吉祥幸福的祈盼和对仕途地位的向往。更多还原

【Abstract】 The house gate experienced a long evolution process.The earliest gate in China appeared in half cave houses in the late Neolithic age.It can be inferred from the ancient city,architectural sites,murals and carvings of tombs that the ancient house gate can be restored.Tang and Song Dynasties is a peak of ancient Chinese architecture,especially the development of commodity economy in Song Dynasty has greatly enriched the types of doors,and the shape of house doors has been basically fixed.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the development of ancient Chinese architectural technology to the peak,people pay more attention to the decoration of the house door.As a symbol of status,the house gate had been endowed with hierarchical significance in the Qin and Han dynasties at the latest.With the continuous strengthening of centralization,the Ming and Qing Dynasties made a clear provision for this.During this period,Jinzhong Area developed commerce and developed financial industry.Shanxi merchants who accumulated wealth built a large number of magnificent houses.Because Pingyao,Taigu,Qixian and other ancient urban areas are relatively complete,a large number of ancient houses of Ming and Qing dynasties have been preserved in Jinzhong Area.These houses have different scales and cover all social strata.Based on the field survey of Pingyao,Yuci,Taigu,Qixian,Jiexiu and Zhangbi ancient castle villages,five ancient counties of Ming and Qing Dynasties,one ancient village of Ming and Qing Dynasties and six Jin Merchants’ yards including Majia yard,Changjia manor,caojia yard,Kong Xiangxi’s former residence,qujia yard and Wangjia yard,this paper makes a survey of the shape,size and appurtenances of the houses of Ming and Qing Dynasties in Jinzhong Comprehensive understanding.On this basis,according to the materials obtained from the survey,according to the location of the house gate,the house gate is divided into house gate,inner court gate,wing gate and main house gate;according to the shape and structure of the house gate,it is divided into brick gate,wood gate and arch gate;according to the use of the gate,it is divided into castle gate,house gate,shop gate,car and horse gate,etc.This paper studies the house doors of different classes of Shanxi merchants and ancient city houses respectively.There are many kinds of house doors in Shanxi merchants.Tall Castle doors are built at the entrance,and the quadrangles inside arealso house type house doors.They are large in size,decorated with luxurious sculpture and painting,and there are many accessories in front of the door.The large number of ancient city houses are mostly low wall doors or small size house type doors It has narrow door,few decorations and few accessories.The shape and decoration of the house gate are deeply influenced by the social background.In addition to people’s wealth and status,people have also joined in the worship of etiquette,morality,auspiciousness and happiness,and yearning for official status when building the house gate.更多还原